1. Theoritical grammar studies the grammatical structure of the language and the way the utterances are formed.
2. Two main branches of theoretical grammar are morphology and syntax.
3. Syntagmatic relations appear between words in a line of speech.
4. Paradigmatic relations appear between words united by common features.
5. Paradigm is all the possible grammatical forms of the word.
6. Synchronic variations are variants of the word form, existing at the same time.
7. Diachronic variations are variants of the word form, existing at different time.
8. Systemic approach to grammar study relies upon the notion that the language is a system of phonetical, grammatical and lexical signs.
9. First grammars of English were based upondead languages.
10. Comprehensive grammar announced that the role of grammar in communication is determined by understanding.
11. Synthetic languages express(convey) grammatical forms(meaning) by means of morphemes.
12. Feature of analytical structure in Modern English (Analytical languages have) is fixed order of words.
13. Old English was a synthetic language.
14. In middle english morphemic system of marking grammatical form simplified.
15. Auxiliary verbs appeared in Middle English.
16. Modern English an analytical language with some elements of synthetic structure.
17. The minimum segmental unit of a word with the potential to convey the meaning is a morpheme.
18. The morpheme that can be used independently without any other ones is calledfree.
19. Grammatical categories carries abstract meaning.
20. The structure of the category can be presented as the opposition.
21. The categories of English noun are plurality, number, case.
22. The parts of speech with individual meaning are called notional.
23. Modal verbs belong to the group of semi-notional words.
Test 2.
1) Paradigmatic series is similar grammatical forms of words.
2) Generative grammar studies origin and development of grammar.
3) Universal grammar studies grammatical phenomena, typical for all languages.
4) Pedagogical grammar studies grammar teaching.
5) Descriptive grammar announced that grammar should be studied on the basis of oral speech, real speech situations.
6) English belongs to the family of Indo-European languages.
7) English belongs to the group of Germanic languages.
8) Declension is the change of nouns in case and number.
9) Conjugation is the change of verbs in tense, person and number.
10) Synthetic languages express grammatical forms by means of morphemes.
11) Analytical languages have a fixed order of words.
12) Old English was a synthetic language.
13) In Old English article was absent.
14) In Old English order of words was free.
15) In Old English adverb was developing.
16) In Middle English morphemic system of marking grammatical form simplified.
17) Auxiliary verbs appeared in Middle English.
18) Modem English is an analytical language with some elements of synthetic structure.
19) Feature of analytical structure in Modem English is fixed order of words (и можетбыть auxiliaries).
20) Feature of synthetic structure in Modem English is foreign endings for plural.
21) Ablaut is vowel interchange in the root of the verb.
22) Suppletion is the use ot ditferent words for denoting grammatical forms.
23) Two contradicting factors, balancing the development of language aregeneration and economy.
24) morpheme that can be used independently used without any other ones is called free.
25) minimum segmental unit of a word with the potential to convey the meaning is famous a morpheme.
26) The morpheme that changes the meaning of the word is called lexical.
27) - The morpheme that indicates grammatical form is called grammatical.
28) The morpheme that denotes grammatical class and changes the meaning of the word is called lexico-grammatical.
29) Foreign grammatical morphemes came to English from French and Latin.
30) Grammatical category carries abstract meaning.
31) Grammatical category can be expressed by the grammatical means only.
32) Semantic category can be expressed by any linguistic means.
33) The structure of the number category can be presented as an opposition.
34) The categories of English noun are number, gender, case.
35) The categories of English verb are tense, aspect, person.
36) The category of English adjective is comparison.
37) The category of English adverb is Case.
38) The categories of English pronoun are nominative case, genitive case.
39) Morphemic structure of the word “revolution” is Root + suffix.
40) Morphemic structure of the word “unreal” is prefix+root.
41) Morphemic structure of the word “intricacies” is root + suffix+ending.
42) Morphemic structure of the word “unpredictable” is prefix+ root + suffix.
43) In the word “steamboat” the morpheme “steam” is free.
44) In the word “divers” the morpheme “s” is bound.
45) In the word “garments” the morpheme “garment” is lexical.
46) In the word “uncertain” the morpheme “un” is lexical.
47) In the word “probably” the morpheme “ly” is lexico-grammatical.
48) In the word “welcomed” the morpheme “ed” is grammatical.
Тест №3
1) In the form “hastened” we can see such categories as aspect, tense.
2) In the form “this” we can see such categories as number.
3) In the form “those” we can see such categories as number.
4) In the form “us” we can see such categories as person, number.
5) In the form “was provided” we can see such categories as aspect, tense, voice.
6) The parts of speech with individual meaning are called notional.
7) Modal verbs belong to the group of semi-notional words.
8) The ending –s used in the structure of nouns indicates the plural of nouns in some cases.
9) Gender of English nouns is in most cases determined by the meaning of the word.
10) The adjectives in the English language can be classified as relative and qualitative.
11) Double comparison can be exemplified by the form “much more beautiful”.
12) Demonstrative, personal, indefinite – these are the groups of pronouns.
13) Animate, inanimate – these are the groups of nouns.
14) Relative, qualitative – these are the groups of adjectives.
15) In the sentence “Every train brought squads, companies, battalions of them.” the word “train” is a notional part of speech.
16) In the sentence “The barracks were over-run.” the word “were” is a semi-notional part of speech.
17) In the sentence “They could not be permitted to starve” the word “could” is a semi-notional part of speech.
18) In the sentence “The weather was on the side of the newcomers to begin with; such an open, friendly winter was never known in Kansas before” the word “open” is anadjective.
19) In the sentence “The weather was on the side of the newcomers to begin with; such an open, friendly winter was never known in Kansas before” the word “before” is an adverb.
20) Countable nouns can be exemplified be the word effort.
21) Proper nouns can be exemplified by the word London.
22) Common nouns can be exemplified by the word poverty.
23) Animate nouns can be exemplified by the word bull.
24) Qualitative adjectives can be exemplified by the word acute.
25) Positive degree can be exemplified by the word old.
26) Triple comparison can be exemplified by the word much more better.
27) Superlative degree can be exemplified by the word the least.
28) Analytical comparison can be exemplified by the word more cunningly.
29) Suppletive comparison can be exemplified by the word worse.
30) The pronoun “You” is personal.
31) The pronoun “anything” is indefinite.
32) The case of the pronoun “me” is objective.
33) The case of the pronoun “I” is nominative.
Тест 4. (Морфология)
1) The verb form in the sentence “The house had smelled for a week.” is an example ofactive voice.
2) An example of back-shift is a sentence Tomorrow they arrive at six sharp.
3) An example of a stative verb is to know.
4) An example of a non-finite form of the verb is reading.
5) Qualitative adverbs can be exemplified by the word...easily.
6) Qualitative adverbs can be exemplified by the word...dryly.
7) Circumstantial adverbs can be exemplified by the word..Here.
8) Intensifying adverbs can be exemplified by the word...highly.
9) The case of the pronoun “her”...objective.
10) The case of the pronoun “I” is...nominative.
11) The numeral “tenth” is...ordinal.
12) In the sentence “And then too, there was the matter of his working weekends and evenings at the boat yard” the word “of’ is…preposition.
13) In the sentence “And then too, there was the matter of his working weekends and evenings at the boat yard” the word “too” is...particle.
14) In the sentence “It would be two months before all the lobster boats and the few pleasure-craft were scraped, painted, and hauled out of that sagging, leaking old boat-house and launched” the word “the” is...article.
15) In the sentence “"Well," he said, coming back to the task at hand, "lunch time is over. Back to work. the word “to” is...preposition.
Training test 4 (syntax)
1. A unit of syntax, presenting a lexico-grammatical unity and separated by pauses is called syntagma.
2. Asyndatic connection between units of syntax is performed though the absence of connecting elements.
3. Syndatic connection between units of syntax is performed though the use of connecting elements.
4. Syndatic connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination full of journalists.
5. Syndatic connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination preceded by part.
6. Syndatic connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination easy on problems.
7. Asyndatic connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination places are marked.
8. Asyndatic connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination he wrote.
9. Asyndatic connection between words in a word-combination can be exemplified by word-combination slightly older.
10. Coordinative connection between words in a word-combination ""can be exemplified by a word-combination public and private.
11. Coordinative connection between words in a word-combination "" can be exemplified by a word-combination weeks and weeks.
12. Coordinative connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination paper, ink and pen.
13. Dominational connection between can be exemplified by word-combination places are marked.
14. Dominational connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination he wrote.
15. Dominational connection between words can be exemplified by a word-combination slightly older.
16. Word-combination "This toast" is attributive.
17. Word-combination "banquet room" attributive.
18. Word-combination "places are marked" is predicative.
19. Word-combination "was widely reprinted" is primary adverbial.
20. Word-combination "sent copies" is direct objective.
21. Word-combination "him writing" is semi-predicative.
22. Word-combination "genteel audiences" is attributive.
23. Word-combination "became easily" is primary adverbial.
24. Word-combination "he was trying" is predicative.
25. Word-combination "initially delighted" is secondary adverbial.
26. Word-combination "to adapt persona" is direct objective.
27. Word-combination "slightly older" is secondary adverbial.
28. Idiomatic word-combinations can be exemplified by mixed feeling.
29. Idiomatic word-combinations can be exemplified by full of beans.
30. Culturally marked word-combinations can be exemplified Punch and Judy.
31. Connotative word-combinations can be exemplified by was praised by Mrs. Mary Fairbanks.
32. Culturally marked word-combinations can be exemplified black pudding.
33. Connotative word-combinations can be exemplified by even and nice.
34. Grammatical homonymy is The use of the same form with different grammatical meanings.
35. A factor of syntagmatic connection in English language is specific rhythmic structure.
Тест №5.
1. The main parts of the sentence are subject and predicate.
2. Secondary parts of the sentence are attribute, adverbial modifier, object.
3. Additional elements of the sentence are parenthesis, adressing enclosure.
4. Theme is old infromation, starting point of communication.
5. Rheme is new information, the main point of communication.
6. Chain and parallel are the ways of connecting clauses in complex sentences.
7. Ellipsis is omission of sentence parts /word parts (тут я в замешательстве.)
8. Inversion in English can be grammatical and stylistic.
9. The use of a shorter word instead of a phrase or a clause is called substitution.
10. Addition, morphological arrangement, deletion are transformations of the grammatical structure of the sentence.
11. Simple sentence can be exemplified by Don’t abuse me on account of that dinner-speech in reply to the toast to Woman.
12. One-member sentence can be exemplified by Rise and shine!
13. Composite sentence can be exemplified by Look at George Francis Train and don’t laugh.
14. The sentence “Look.” is imperative.
15. The sentence “How about if I take the kids?” is interrogative-declarative.
16. Actual division of the sentence presupposes its division into theme and rheme.
17. The sentence “O.K.” is interrogative-declarative.
18. In the sentence “On the way home he stopped at a general store and bought a Popsicle for each of the boys.” the word “for boys” is indirect object.
19. In this compound sentence “Spring comes slowly in upstate Maine, and this was still the mud season.” connection between clauses is additive.
20. In this complex sentence “Little Chandler’s thoughts ever since lunch-time had been of the great city London where Gallaher lived.” subbordinate clause is adverbial.
21. Punctuation mark with an external function in the sentence “I know this dumb.” is full stop.
22. Comma in the sentence “THIS country, during the last thirty or forty years, has produced some of the most remarkable cases of insanity.” is used for marking the end of the clause.
23. The use of quotation marks in the sentence “Teacher says, “Couldn’t your ol’ man do it?” is obligatory.
24. The use of comma in the sentence “Oh, cup a Java.” is optional.
Тест №6 (Macro syntax)
1. A sentence "He lost his way." in a cluster of sentences "A man wanted to drive to Littlemorehampton. He lost his way." is a....cumuleme.
2. A sentence "Short waves cannot pass aroud objects." in a cluster of sentences "Short waves cannot pass around objects. Long waves can."is a....dycteme.
3. Means of prospection in the sentence "There are three dictionaries of neologisms for Modern English, see further." is ....see further.
4. Means of retrospection in a sentence "Dictionaries of slang, as it was mentioned, contain elements from areas of substandart speech such as vulgarisms, jargonisms, taboo words. curse-words, colloquialisms, etc." is....as it was mentioned
5. In the dialogue "A: What are you doing at Christmas? B: We're having my brother ang a friend for lunch on Christmas Day. A: Right.Mm" reference is the word....We\ at Christmas
6. In the dialogue "A: What are you doing at Christmas? B: We're having my brother ang a friend for lunch on Christmas Day. A: Right.Mm" response token is the word ....Right
7. In the sentence "I'll see you around six." the word "around" is ....approximation
8. In the sentence "I'll have to call you back, I'm afraid." the phrase "I'm afraid" is ....stance marker
9. In the sentence "Paul, in this job that he's got now, when he goes into the office, he's never quite sure ehere he's going to be sent." the word "Paul" is ....reference
10. In the sentence "We can then have toxic effects. Right." the word "Right" is ....pragmatic marker
11. In the sentence "I've told him hundreds of times to put the alarm clock on but he just doesn't listen." The phrase "hundreds of times" is ....stance marker
12. When we were on holiday, we the sentence "I had the goldfish for about three years." the word "about" is ....approximation
13. In the sentence "Now Rio de Janeiro, there's a fabulous city." the word "Rio de Janeiro" is ....header
14. The question "You know what? is ....preface
15. The question "A: The shuttle would be out of the question, you see. B: How come?" is ....formulaic
16. The question "The what, sorry?" is ....follow - up
17. The question "A: Are you going to the match tonight? B: Yeah, I am. A: Do you mind if I tag along?" is ....two - step
18. The question "A: Margaret wants to talk to you. B: Oh, what about?" is ....follow - up
19. The question "Where are you going? Into town?" is ....two - step
20. In the sentences "Right, I suppose we should begin by considering the tricky question of the Norman invasion." pragmatic markers have a function of ....opening
21. In the sentences "Anyway erm.Where was I?" pragmatic markers have afunction of ....resuming
22. In the sentences "B: Six sets of each. A: Fine." pragmatic markers have a fnction of ....closing
23. In the sentences "He's been too easy - going, not to say careless and stupid, walking across that mountain at nighfall and on his own too." pragmatic markers have a function of ....reformulating
24. In the sentences "B: Never really thought abot it like that. Oh I forgot. Your washing's up there. Sorry just noticed it." pragmatic marker "oh "has a function of ....shifting
25. Pragmatic marker "and then" usually has a function of ....sequencing
26. In the sentences "A: Did you enjoy the film? B: Well, we enjoyed the first half but after that I'm not sure." pragmatic markers have a function of ....diverting
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